The
sage is not humane.[3]
He regards all people as straw
dogs.
The space between Heaven and
Earth is like a bellows, isn't
it?[4]
While vacuous, it is never exhaustible.
When active, it turns out even
more.
(To talk too much will surely
lead to a quick demise.[5]
Hence, it is better to keep
to tranquility. )[6]
Annotations:
[1] Heaven and earth appear
as physical and natural existences.
They follow the way of spontaneity
inasmuch as they have no preferences
for anything in the world. They
let all things be what they
are or let them go through a
natural cycle, for instance,
the change and replacement of
the four seasons, the life and
death of human beings, the appearance
and disappearance of plants,
the shift of day and night,
so on and so forth. By this
statement Lao Zi attempts to
explain the fact that Heaven
and earth have no such feelings,
emotions, affections, likes
or dislikes as human beings
do.
[2] The Chinese term chu you
(straw dogs) refers to straw
images of dogs used as sacrificial
offerings at ceremonies such
as those for worshiping Heaven
or praying for rain. After the
ceremonies they were discarded
as worthless. "Straw dogs"
serves as a metaphor, suggesting
that Heaven and earth show no
sympathy for anything or anybody.
They themselves stick to the
way of nature, and also let
all others hold to the way of
naturalness so as to preserve
their respective selves or egos.
This obviously corresponds to
Lao Zi's conception that "Man
follows the way of earth; earth
follows the way of Heaven; Heaven
follows the way of the Dan;
and the Dao follows the way
of spontaneity."
[3] "The sage is not humane."
This is equal to saying that
the sage, alike Heaven and earth,
has no preference for or benevolence
toward anything or anybody,
but simply follows the way of
naturalness without being pretentious
or imposing. This type of sage
is the Daoist (Taoist) sage,
different from the Confucianist
sage and pursuing great humanity
for all instead of limited humanity
for a few. He seems to be equivalent
to the "man that follows
the way of earth" as recommended
by Lao Zi.
[4] Talking about the universe,
Lao Zi exhibits his individual
insight and striking imagination.
As a result, he likens the vast
space between Heaven and earth
to a bellows, which is characterized
with such features as emptiness,
productiveness and inexhaustibility.
The image itself is fresh, individual
and impressive, well exemplifying
the style of Lao Zi as a poetic
philosopher or philosophical
poet.
[5] By "To talk too much"
(duo yan) is meant too many
political orders, monarchical
decrees, secular moral lessons,
etc. The Chinese word shu can
be understood as su, rendered
in English as "soon"
or "quickly." The
sentence means that if a state
coerces its subjects, perhaps
by issuing too many orders or
instructions, it will surely
find itself running counter
to its goals and speed up its
demise. As a matter of fact,
an efficient government does
not have to issue a plethora
of rules, regulations or laws.
It has been proved historically
that the more the official orders
that emanate from the government,
the less effective they are
and the swifter the decline
of the prestige of the government.
Such a situation leads to a
government that only has the
ability to issue political orders,
and lacks the ability to carry
them out.
[6] Contained in many editions
of the Dao De Jing is the expression
bu ru shou zhong, which has
been translated into English
as "holding on to the mean"
by Mr. Robert G. Henricks, or
rendered literally as "keep
to the center" by Prof.
Chan Wing-tsit. These renditions
are rather misleading because
they tend to make the reader
conceive this notion from a
Confucianist standpoint. Lao
Zi scholars such as Yan Lingfeng
and Chen Guying assume that
the Chinese word zhong (center
or the mean) may be a printing
error or misspelling of chong
(empty or vacuous). Other scholars
tend to agree that the term
zhong (center) might stand for
the center of a bellows, which
is empty or void inside. In
addition, scholars like Ma Shulun
and Gao Heng proclaim that the
last two lines ("To talk
too much will surely lead to
a quick demise. Hence it is
better to keep to tranquility.")
do not fit into the context
at all. That is why Prof, Gu
Ji inserts them in the original
Chapter 9 (DDJ). No matter which
is the case, we reckon that
the concept of zhong is characterized
by such features as emptiness
and inexhaustibility, having
nothing to do with the doctrine
of the mean as conceived Confucianist
terminology.
Commentary:
In this chapter Lao Zi seems
to focus on discussing the inhumanity
of Heaven, earth and the sage,
and the character of the Dao.
Yet, by reading between the
lines one can discover that
Lao Zi's philosophy
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
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